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PD Dr David Scheiner, 1, 2, 3 PD Dr Daniele Perucchini 1 Dr Olivia Ziviello 1 Dr Rebecca Zachariah 2, 3 Dr Sƶren Lange 2, 3 Dr Nicole Keller 2, 3, 4 Prof. Dr Cornelia Betschart 2, 3
En cas dāinfections urinaires aiguĆ«s, on peut dāabord essayer un Ātraitement symptomatique sans antibiotiques.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the management of many cancers. Immunotherapy can lead to prolonged disease control, and even cure, in some patients with advanced cancer. However, despite these notable advances, only about 20ā% benefit from immunotherapy in the advanced setting, and even fewer in the long term. Adverse events, sometimes occurring late and potentially severe, require close monitoring and rapid management in expert centers. Among future challenges is the need to make resistant tumors more sensitive to immunotherapy. Optimizing its use – in terms of dose, duration, etc. – is another important goal. Keywords: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; anti-tumoral immunity; oncology; PD1; CTLA-4
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Iron deficiency and/or iron deficiency anemia complicate nearly 50ā% of pregnancies globally, negatively impacting both maternal and fetal outcomes. Iron deficiency can cause a range of symptoms that range from aggravating to debilitating including fatigue, poor quality of life, pagophagia and restless legs syndrome. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are also associated with maternal complications including preterm labor, increased rates of cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and maternal death. Fetal complications include increased rates of low birth weight and small for gestational age newborns. Prenatal maternal anemia has also been associated with autism spectrum disorders in the neonate, although causality is not established. Iron deficiency in the newborn is associated with compromised memory, processing, and bonding, with some of these deficits persisting into adulthood. Despite the prevalence and consequences associated with iron deficiency in pregnancy, data show that it is routinely undertreated. Due to the physiologic changes of pregnancy, all pregnant individuals should receive oral iron supplementation. However, the bioavailability of oral iron is poor and it is often ineffective in preventing and treating iron deficiency. Likewise, it frequently causes gastrointestinal symptoms that can worsen quality of life in pregnancy. Intravenous iron formulations administered in a single or multiple dose series are now available. There is increasing data suggesting that newer intravenous formulations are safe and effective in the second and third trimesters and should be strongly considered in pregnant individuals without optimal response to oral iron repletion. Keywords: Iron, Iron Deficiency, Anemia (Anaemia), symptoms, pregnancy, iron treatment, iron therapy
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