The care of residents in medical-social establishments suffering from dementia is complex and must take into account the medical, cognitive, emotional, psychological and social needs of each individual. There is growing interest in the use of animals in the care of older people with dementia, with varied approaches such as animal-assisted activity and animal-assisted therapy. Although some studies have suggested positive effects on the well-being of residents, there remain methodological limitations to demonstrating the effectiveness of these techniques. The potential benefits of having an animal in an EMS must be balanced against the risks to residents and staff, such as allergies or bites. It is essential to establish regulations to ensure the well-being of everyone involved. Keywords: dementia, animal-assisted therapy, psyhchology, medical-social establishments
Receiving a patient with anxiety disorders is a common situation for GPs, and managing anxiety does not always require a specialist consultation. Anxiety in itself often signals an imbalance in a non-specific way, so its reception in the consultation is crucial. It is important for the doctor to recognise and interpret the warning signs of anxiety, rather than simply treating it with anxiolytic drugs. An active listening approach, supported by that of a Balint group, can help to understand and respond to the needs of the anxious patient. Anxiety, often linked to the fear of death, can influence the doctor-patient relationship and requires an empathetic and thoughtful approach if it is to be managed effectively.
Keywords: doctor-patient relationship, anxiety disorders, anxiolytic drugs, Balint group
Depression is the most common psychiatric disorders in old age, alongside dementia and anxiety; sleep disorders are also a common symptom in old age. Depression can manifest in older people through atypical symptoms, which means that old-age depression is not immediately recognized. Physical complaints, pain, general malaise and cognitive disorders are often the main cognitive disorders and not the main symptom of depression. In particular, the differentiation of depression in old age from depressive symptoms in the context of incipient dementia is usually difficult due to the cognitive disorders in old-age depression. Key Words: Old age, depression, symptoms, cognitive disorders
A considerable number of people suffer from depressive disorders, pathological anxiety, show psychosomatic symptoms, have chronic sleep problems or are psycho-physically exhausted and often first seek medical help in the GPāās practice. GPs are therefore confronted with psychologically impaired patients every day and must then act. This makes it all the more important for them to have a basic knowledge of the various psychotropic drugs and their targeted use, but also to know about their therapeutic limitations. Even in times of supposed neurobiology hype, psychopharmaceuticals can never replace a good, trusting relationship between doctor and patient. They are to be seen as a supplement in the demanding treatment of mentally ill patients. Key words: depressive disorders, anxiety, insomnia, psychotropic drugs, neurobiology, psychopharmaceuticals
As far as the categorization of chronic pain is concerned, there is a welcome development with ICD-11: for the first time, chronic pain is classified as a disease in its own right. ICD-11 also avoids reducing pain without a lesional cause to a psychiatric or psychogenic cause, but speaks of āprimary chronic painā in a neutral way. For all forms of chronic pain disorders, the new diagnostic grid queries both the phenomenology of the subjective pain sensation and psychosocial concomitant symptoms. Implicitly, the understanding of pain in ICD-11 approaches a non-dual view of man and creates a good basis of understanding for the multimodal treatment approach. Key words: ICD-11, chronic pain, primary chronic pain, pain disorder, classification
1. Treede RD, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain 2015;156(6):1003ā1007.
2. Raffaeli W, Arnaudo E. Pain as a disease: an overview. J Pain Res 2017;10:2003ā8.
3. Egloff N, Maecker F, Stauber S, Sabbioni ME, Tunklova L, von KƤnel R. Nonder- matomal somatosensory deficits in chronic pain patients: Are they really hysteri- cal? Pain. 2012;153(9):1847ā51.
4. Littlejohn G, Guymer E. Neurogenic inflammation in fibromyalgia. Seminars in Immunopathology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-018-0672-2
5. Yunus MB. An Update on Central Sensitivity Syndromes and the Issues of Nosolo- gy and Psychobiology. Current Rheumatology Reviews 2015;11:70-85
6. Tanguay-Sabourin Ch et al. A prognostic risk score for development and spread of chronic pain. Nat Med 2023;29:1821ā1831
7. Egle UT, Kissinger D, Schwab R. Parent-child relations as a predisposition for psycho- genic pain syndrome in adulthood. A controlled, retrospective study in relation to G. L. Engelāās āpain-pronenessā. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1991; 41 (7): 247ā56.
8. Van Houdenhove B, Stans L, Verstraeten D. Is there a link between āāpain-pronen- essāā and āāaction-pronenessāā? Pain 1987; 29 (1): 113ā7.
9. Khasar SG, Burkham J, Dina OA, Brown AS, Bogen O, AlessandriHaber N, Green PG, Reichling DB, Levine JD. Stress induces a switch of intracellular signaling in sensory neurons in a model of generalized pain. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 5721ā30.
10. Jennings EM et al: Stress-induced hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121: 1ā18.
11. Asma Hayati A, Rahimah Z. Pain in Times of Stress. Malays J Med Sci; Special Issue-Neuroscince 2015; 52ā61.
12. Studer M, Stewart J, Egloff N, Zürcher E, von KƤnel R, Brodbeck J, Grosse Holt- forth M. Psychosocial stressors and pain sensitivity in chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors (F45.41). Schmerz 2017; 31 (1): 40ā4 www.sappm.ch/ueber-uns/begutachtung/#c77.
14. Grolimund J, et al. Wegleitung zur Planung einer personalisierten, interdisziplinƤ- ren multimodalen Schmerztherapie. Schmerz 2019;33(6):514-522.
1. Deeks SG et al. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet. 2013; 382:1525ā1533.
2. Nakagawa Fet al. Life expectancy living with HIV: Recent estimates and future implications. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2013;26:17ā25..
3. Baldin G et al. Short Communication: Comparing Lamivudine+Dolutegravir and Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide as Switch Strategies: Preliminary Results from Clinical Practice. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 2021;37:429ā432.]
4. Molina J.M et al. Switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from dolutegravir plus abacavir and lamivudine in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e357āe365.
5. Sax P.E et al. Switching to Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Virologically Suppressed Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021;73:e485āe493.
6. Pham H.T., MesplĆØde T. Bictegravir in a fixed-dose tablet with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of HIV infection: Pharmacology and clinical implications. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2019;20:385ā397.
7. Chang H.M. et al. Outcomes After Switching to BIC/FTC/TAF in Patients with Virological Failure to Protease Inhibitors or Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Real-World Cohort Study. Infect. Drug Resist. 2021;14:4877ā4886.
8. Rolle C.P. et al.. Real-world efficacy and safety of switching to bictegravir/ emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in older people living with HIV. Medicine. 2021;100:e27330
9. Armenia D. et al. Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide ensures high rates of virological suppression maintenance despite previous resistance in PLWH who optimize treatment in clinical practice. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2022;30:326ā334.
10. Chen L.Y et al. Patient-reported outcomes among virally suppressed people living with HIV after switching to Co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2023;56: 575ā585
11. Hayes E.,et al.. Short-term Adverse Events With BIC/FTC/TAF: Postmarketing Study. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2020;7:ofaa285.]
12. European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 11.1, October 2022. [(accessed on 16 May 2023)]. Available online: https://www.eacsociety. org/guidelines/eacs-guidelines/
13. Gandhi R.T et al. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2023;329:63ā84.
14. Ryscavage P.,et al.. Significance and clinical management of persistent low-level viremia and very-low-level viremia in HIV-1-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2014;58:3585ā3598.
15. Sarmati L et al. HIV Replication at Low Copy Number and its Correlation with the HIV Reservoir: A Clinical Perspective. Curr. HIV Res. 2015;13: 250ā257.
16. Malagnino V. et al. HBcAb Positivity Is a Risk Factor for an Increased Detectability of HIV RNA after Switching to a Two-Drug Regimen Lamivudine- Based (2DR-3TC-Based) Treatment: Analysis of a Multicenter Italian Cohort. Microorganisms. 2021;9:396.
17. Parisi S.G. et al. Strong and persistent correlation between baseline and follow-up HIV-DNA levels and residual viremia in a population of naĆÆve patients with more than 4 years of effective antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2015;21:288.e5-7.
18. Parisi S.G. et al. A stable CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-5 tropic virus is correlated with the persistence of HIV RNA at less than 2.5 copies in successfully treated naĆÆve subjects. BMC Infect. Dis. 2013;13:314.